Indians in the 20th Century

In the United States, the federal government recognizes Indian tribes as independent and sovereign powers. Sovereignty is the right of a nation or group of people to be self-governing. Indians are United States citizens and also citizens of their tribes. Like other Americans, Indians are subject to federal laws, but they are not always subject to state laws because Indian reservations are held in trust by the federal government. A government-to-government relationship exists between each sovereign tribe and the U.S. government. Today, eleven federally recognized Indian tribes call Wisconsin home (the Brothertown tribe filed a petition for recognition in 1996... more...

Original Documents and Other Primary Sources

	A Menominee superintendent discusses changes on the reservation, 1935
	Menominee Vocabulary, 1893
	"Indian News" from the Voice of the Winnebago, 1931-1949
	The Oneidas claim land in New York
	Menominee lands are threatened with allotment, 1925
	An examination of treaty rights in Northern Wisconsin, 1989-1990
	Anti-spearfishing concrete walleye decoy
	Athletic shoes embellished with a traditional artform
	Conditions in Wisconsin Indian communities in 1929
	Excerpts from a tribal cookbook
	The Human Rights Commission surveys Wisconsin Indians in 1966
	A Ho-Chunk grammar textbook, 1945
	Conditions on Wisconsin Indian reservations, 1909-1910
	An Indian commission examines treaty rights and racism, ca. 1989
	A Tourist Brochure for Marinette Co., ca. 1923
	Stockbridge and Munsee Testimony, 1892
	A modern dictionary of the Menominee language
	A survey of Milwaukee's Indian population, 1962
	A Tourist Brochure for Shawano and the Menominee Indian Reservation, ca. 1925
	Report on the Menominee at Termination, 1958
	The Killing of Chief Joe White (Gishkitawag), 1894
	Pictures of the Potawatomi from the 1820's to the 1920's
	Pictures of the Ho-Chunk in the 19th and 20th centuries.
	Pictures of the Ojibwe in the 19th and 20th centuries.
	Pictures of the Menominee in the 19th and 20th centuries.
	A Long Ho-Chunk Vocabulary, 1880
	Brief Ho-Chunk Language Vocabularies, 1830-1930
	Frank Bridgman's Menominee vocabulary, 1878
	Alfred Bridgman's English-Menominee word list from the 1870s
	Brief Potawatomi Language Vocabularies, 1920-1932.

Primary Sources Available Elsewhere

	Stockbridge-Munsee Constitution and By-laws
	The Ho-Chunk Constitution
	The Constitution of the Forest County Potawatomi
	Wisconsin Blue Books
	A Scholarly Overview of Ojibwe Treaty Rights
	The Meriam Report (1928) investigates failed U.S. Indian policy
	Map of Native American areas based on 2000 Census

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